14.01.2020
Posted by 

Figure 1Schematic diagram of immunohistochemical techniques. (a) Direct method: the antigen-specific primary antibody is biotin labeled. Biotin binds to avidin/streptavidin. Color visualization is achieved through enzymatic reaction of horseradish peroxidase/alkaline phosphatase. (b) Indirect method: the antigen-specific primary antibody is unlabeled.

The secondary, biotin-labeled antibody binds to primary antibody. Visualization is achieved accordingly through avidin/streptavidin and peroxidase/alkaline phosphatase complexes. The indirect method increases versatility because unlabeled primary antibodies can be used. (c) Indirect method with polymer chain detection system. Biotin and avidin/streptavidin are replaced by a labeled polymer chain, allowing for increased sensitivity and specificity. Figure 2p16INK4a expression in human melanocytic tumors.

P16INK4a expression was determined using immunohistochemical analysis of 20 benign nevi. (a) Representative examples of compound nevi stained with p16INK4a antibody (N20; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA) and positive cells detected using Permanent Red (Dako, Glostrup, Denmark).

(b) The results for 15 compound and 5 dysplastic nevi are represented graphically. Horizontal bars indicate the median p16INK4a expression values. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a powerful method for localizing specific antigens in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues based on antigen–antibody interaction ( x Taylor and Burns, 1974 Taylor, C.R. And Burns, J.

The demonstration of plasma cells and other immunoglobulin-containing cells in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues using peroxidase-labelled antibody. J Clin Pathol. 1974;27: 14–20 Taylor and Burns, 1974).

The technique is widely used in dermatologic diagnostics and research, and its applications continue to be extended because of its ease of use, reliability, and versatility.In IHC an antigen–antibody construct is visualized through light microscopy by means of a color signal. The advantage of IHC over immunofluorescence techniques is the visible morphology of the tissue around the specific antigen by counterstaining, e.g., with hematoxylin (blue). Results of stained IHC markers are reported semiquantitatively and have important diagnostic and prognostic implications, particularly for skin tumors, lymphoma, and the detection of infectious microorganisms.

Diagnostic Immunohistochemistry Dabbs Pdf Free

This article presents the key steps for performing IHC and describes its current use in dermatology. Step 1: tissue processing and epitope retrievalFor fixation, 10% neutral-buffered formalin is used for between 4 and 24 hours. This fixation preserves morphologic features but compromises antigenicity to a certain extent.

Cetim cobra software. Dimensioning of pre-stressed controlled tightening bolted joints. V6 version of Cetim's Cobra software provides you with a French - English bilingual solution. Industrial requirements. Bolted joints analysis, review, verification and dimensioning, with controlled torque pre-tightening, following VDI 2230 recommendation (and. Apr 26, 2013. The latest version (V6) of Cetim Cobra, the software package for bolted joint design has a lot to offer. It's clearer, easier, more intuitive and, what's more, in 3D. With its open architecture (ideal for new developments), compliance with the VDI 2230 (2003) standard and data entry wizards in French and. Cetim Cobra has found broad success with the transport industry. The latest version of Cobra features the following. Support for the latest industrial recommendations,; optimised database management,; improved software ergonomics and user-friendliness,; integration of new technologies, such as the integration of.

Immunohistochemistry

It induces alterations in the tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins but does not cause irreversible reduction or total loss of antigenic determinants in paraffin sections. Therefore, the epitopes of interest remain intact ( x Dill and Shortle, 1991 Dill, K.A. And Shortle, D. Denatured states of proteins. Annu Rev Biochem. 1991;60: 795–825 Dill and Shortle, 1991).

Then FFPE tissue should be cut into 3- to 4-m thin sections and mounted on glass slides. Enzyme digestion by trypsin or protease can be used to “unmask” antigens that have been altered by formalin fixation. The most common antigen retrieval technique to restore the tertiary structure is heating tissue sections in water or buffered solutions (e.g., citrate or EDTA buffer).Step 2: antigen–antibody interactionFor the direct method, labeled monospecific antibody is directly applied to the tissue section ( Figure 1a). The antibody is most frequently conjugated with biotin.

Biotin then binds to labeled avidin or streptavidin. Through this second layer of labeling, the staining is amplified. Therefore, the development of these multiple-step detection methods resulted in greatly improved sensitivity of IHC. Thus, these multiple-step detection methods allow for detection of a wide range of antigens in routine diagnostic FFPE tissues. The indirect method uses two layers of antibodies ( Figure 1b and 1c).

Progression from the one-step direct conjugate method to the multiple-step indirect method greatly increased the versatility of IHC because a wide range of unlabeled primary antibodies could then be used. Figure 1Schematic diagram of immunohistochemical techniques. (a) Direct method: the antigen-specific primary antibody is biotin labeled. Biotin binds to avidin/streptavidin. Color visualization is achieved through enzymatic reaction of horseradish peroxidase/alkaline phosphatase. (b) Indirect method: the antigen-specific primary antibody is unlabeled.

The secondary, biotin-labeled antibody binds to primary antibody. Visualization is achieved accordingly through avidin/streptavidin and peroxidase/alkaline phosphatase complexes. The indirect method increases versatility because unlabeled primary antibodies can be used.

(c) Indirect method with polymer chain detection system. Biotin and avidin/streptavidin are replaced by a labeled polymer chain, allowing for increased sensitivity and specificity. Step 3: visualization through different detection systemsAntibody molecules cannot be seen—even under electron microscopy—unless they are labeled or tagged for visualization.

Labeling techniques include fluorescent compounds (e.g., for direct immunofluorescence) or active enzymes (for IHC). In IHC, enzymes are added to the tissue sections, and these enzymes bind to the biotin, avidin/streptavidin labeled antibodies; the enzymes used are horseradish peroxidase or calf intestine alkaline phosphatase ( Figure 1a and b).

Then chromogens are added to the sections and oxidized by horseradish peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase, leading to a color reaction. The most widely used chromogens result in red or brown IHC staining. The method shown in Figure 1b is the most widely used; however, newly developed detection systems do not rely on antibody labeling through biotin and avidin/streptavidin. Instead, multiple secondary antibodies and enzymes are linked to a polymer backbone ( Figure 1c). These new methods have the advantage of decreased background staining (higher specificity) and increased sensitivity.

Double staining (different colors) in one tissue section can be achieved through a combination of two immunoenzymatic systems or one immunoenzymatic system with different substrates. For detailed overviews of IHC, see x Dabbs and Thompson, 2013 Dabbs, D.J. And Thompson, LDR. Diagnostic Immunohistochemistry: Theranostic and Genomic Applications. Saunders: Philadelphia, PA. 4th edn.; 2013) Dabbs and Thompson (2013). Quality control is essential to ensure that an IHC staining is sensitive and specific, reproducible, and standardized.

There can be many pitfalls in IHC ( x Yaziji and Barry, 2006 Yaziji, H. And Barry, T. Diagnostic immunohistochemistry: what can go wrong? Adv Anat Pathol. 2006;13: 238–246 Yaziji and Barry, 2006); therefore, the use of positive and negative controls in each staining run is essential. A positive control is a well-characterized sample that contains the antigen of interest and is stained the same way as the specimen to be checked.

The same sample is used for the negative control as for the positive control. It is stained with the same procedure, but the primary antibody is replaced by nonbinding Ig from the same species.Reasons for false-negative results include improper tissue fixation, processing, or pretreatment. False-positive results can occur through nonspecific background staining.

The most common cause of this is ionic binding of antibodies to charged connective tissue elements, e.g., collagen fibers. To avoid this, it is recommended that the tissue be incubated with normal serum of the same species as the secondary antibody (blocking). Moreover, endogenous enzyme activity must be blocked—taking into account the fixation and retrieval method—to further avoid false-positive reactions. Undissolved precipitates of chromogen or counterstain can also be mistaken for a positive reaction.Validation of IHC methodologies can be achieved by participation in round robin tests, by staining various tissue and tumor types to determine sensitivity and specificity, or by comparing staining results of different antibodies that recognize similar proteins. IHC is possibly the most widely used technique at the protein level in dermatologic diagnostics.

It complements morphologic histopathology, especially for the precise diagnosis of skin tumors and skin lymphoma and for the detection of infectious microorganisms. Protein expression profiles detected through IHC—on the cell surface, intracellularly, and in the nucleus—enable the characterization of cell lineage, tumor, lymphoma, and inflammatory cell infiltrate.

Intra- and extracellular pathogens—bacteria, parasites, and viruses (e.g., Mycobacterium tuberculosis, leishmaniasis, and human herpesviruses)—can be directly detected. IHC also plays an important role in dermatologic research. The following two examples demonstrate how IHC is used in melanoma research. In addition to the identification of cell lineages, IHC can be used to find markers that allow for discrimination of benign versus malignant lesions, e.g., nevi versus malignant melanoma. Ideally, those markers are of prognostic value. Some antigens show a specific IHC staining pattern, e.g., HMB45/MART1 expression is lost in deeper dermal parts of many benign nevi as a sign of cell maturation. Other markers, such as certain oncogenes, are overexpressed in malignant lesions.

The p16 INK4a cyclin–dependent kinase plays an important role in cell cycle regulation. Mutations in the coding gene are found in families affected by multiple melanomas.

In their recent investigation, x Scurr et al., 2011 Scurr, L.L., McKenzie, H.A., Becker, T.M. Selective loss of wild-type p16(INK4a) expression in human nevi. J Invest Dermatol. 2011;131: 2329–2332 ) Scurr et al. (2011) found that p16 expression was significantly decreased in dysplastic nevi compared to benign melanocytic nevi in IHC ( Figure 2).

It has been shown that loss of p16 is common in melanomas and might be an independent adverse prognostic marker in melanoma ( x Lade-Keller et al., 2014 Lade-Keller, J., Riber-Hansen, R., Guldberg, P. Immunohistochemical analysis of molecular drivers in melanoma identifies p16 as an independent prognostic biomarker. J Clin Pathol. 2014;67: 520–528 Lade-Keller et al., 2014).

By contrast, expression of p16 did not help to differentiate between Spitz nevi and spitzoid melanomas in another study ( x Mason et al., 2012 Mason, A., Wititsuwannakul, J., Klump, V.R. Expression of p16 alone does not differentiate between Spitz nevi and spitzoid melanoma. J Cutan Pathol. 2012;39: 1062–1074 Mason et al., 2012). Therefore, IHC staining of p16 in melanocytic lesions can be valuable for the dermatopathologist, but its full potential role in melanocytic lesions warrants further investigation. Figure 2p16INK4a expression in human melanocytic tumors. P16INK4a expression was determined using immunohistochemical analysis of 20 benign nevi.

(a) Representative examples of compound nevi stained with p16INK4a antibody (N20; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA) and positive cells detected using Permanent Red (Dako, Glostrup, Denmark). (b) The results for 15 compound and 5 dysplastic nevi are represented graphically. Horizontal bars indicate the median p16INK4a expression values.Reprinted from x Scurr et al., 2011 Scurr, L.L., McKenzie, H.A., Becker, T.M. Selective loss of wild-type p16(INK4a) expression in human nevi.

J Invest Dermatol. 2011;131: 2329–2332 Scurr et al., 2011. Another important marker in melanoma is the protooncogene BRAF that is involved in regulating cell growth.

Certain mutations in the BRAF gene are associated with shorter progression-free survival. The advent of new drugs specifically targeting cells harboring a V600E mutation in the BRAF gene has drastically changed the treatment of end-stage melanoma patients. To identify melanomas that harbor V600E mutations in the BRAF gene, PCR-based technologies and direct sequencing are used, which are often time- and work-intensive. In their recent work, x Feller et al., 2013 Feller, J.K., Yang, S., and Mahalingam, M.

Diagnostic Immunohistochemistry Dabbs Pdf Free Pdf

Immunohistochemistry with a mutation-specific monoclonal antibody as a screening tool for the BRAFV600E mutational status in primary cutaneous malignant melanoma. 2013;26: 414–420 ) Feller et al. (2013) tested a mutation-specific antibody against BRAFV600E in IHC and demonstrated that it is sensitive and specific ( Figure 3), indicating that IHC can be used as a simple screening tool for BRAFV600E in melanoma. IHC could also complement PCR-based technologies because it has the major advantage of a visible morphology. Therefore, parts of a tumor that are BRAFV600E-positive could be identified, or contamination by a large number of BRAFV600E-negative cells (e.g., lymphocytes in a lymph node metastasis) can be excluded.

Figure 3Immunohistochemical results in melanoma for selected BRAF V600E mutation–positive cases by DNA analyses. Case 9, a–c; case 10, d–f; case 20, g–i; papillary thyroid carcinoma control, j–l. ( a, d, g, and j) Scanning magnification, hematoxylin and eosin (HandE). ( b, e, h, and k) High power, HandE. ( c, f, i, and l) Immunohistochemical stain with the anti-B-Raf (V600E) antibody.Reprinted with permission from x Feller et al., 2013 Feller, J.K., Yang, S., and Mahalingam, M.

Diagnostic Immunohistochemistry Dabbs Pdf Free Trial

Immunohistochemistry with a mutation-specific monoclonal antibody as a screening tool for the BRAFV600E mutational status in primary cutaneous malignant melanoma. 2013;26: 414–420 Feller et al., 2013. This activity has been planned and implemented in accordance with the Essential Areas and Policies of the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education through the joint sponsorship of the Duke University School of Medicine and Society for Investigative Dermatology. The Duke University School of Medicine is accredited by the ACCME to provide continuing medical education for physicians.

Diagnostic Immunohistochemistry Dabbs Pdf Free Printable

To participate in the CME activity, follow the link provided. Physicians should only claim credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.To take the online quiz, follow the link below.

◀ Tamanna Hot Hd Images Free Download
Harvey Water Softener Systems Cost ▶